February 23rd, 2011
American Indians
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Depictions of Native Americans are a very big part of our culture in the Americas. But the vast majority of them are not very accurate, or at least don’t show the whole picture. What is the truth about American Indians? And how can we teach the lessons of their history and their rich culture to children?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
You can read through the section below with your child.
Where did they come from?
American Indians are the people who already lived in North and South America before people from Europe “discovered” these lands and came to live here. They are sometimes called Amerindians or Native Americans. Many people believe their ancestors, or original parents, were from Asia and moved into Alaska, Canada, and the United States by land bridge or boat in search of warmer places to live. There are 2.1 million United States Indians today.
What do they believe?
Indians are not all alike. There are many beliefs and traditions, but these are some that are important to many tribes. Native Americans have a deep connection to the land. They often believe it is sacred or holy. They also respect animals and only kill them for food and to use their skins for clothes and to make houses. Spirits are important to their religion – they feel they are relatives or ancestors who speak to them through images. Their religious ceremonies are usually practiced privately. Traditions help American Indians to remember who they are and where they came from. They have ceremonies to talk about the things the tribe is doing and powwows where they have dancing and music.
Being creative is also important – many tribes make baskets, weave, and make pottery and jewelry. They make natural materials like clay and metal into objects of pride.
Pictures and music from a festival at a Powhatan reservation:
The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC compiled a book of poems written by Native students called When the Rain Sings. Each poem was inspired by photographs and images from the museum’s collections. You can do a similar writing project with your child by searching the museum’s collection of objects and historic photos using the link below. You can choose a particular tribe or area if you like. Select an object for your child (or let her select one that interests her) and have her look at it and think about it. What feelings or memories does it inspire? Have her write a story or poem about it.
http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/home.aspx“>
It is not a good idea to make projects that look like Native American religious items like spirit masks. This is offensive to many Indian people because they are considered sacred. But dreamcatchers, corn husk dolls, beading, or stitching are fine because they are not thought to be holy and kids can use their creativity on them.
This website has instructions for weaving and a recipe for clay that you can use to make your own pottery. You can paint it afterwards with designs that are important to you. http://www.teachervision.fen.com/tv/printables/0876288085_84_86.pdf
Here is another site that shows how to make dreamcatchers and corn husk dolls for homeschoolers: http://www.ehow.com/info_7907060_crafts-indians-homeschooled-kids.html
Daily Life in the Past
Life was different for each tribe depending on where they lived. But usually men were in charge of hunting, trading and war. Women were in charge of farming, cooking, and taking care of the family. Women and men both usually made art and music, used medicine, and told stories.
Children had chores and helped their parents, but they also had toys and games.
Native Americans lived in many different kinds of houses. If a tribe moved from place to place, they had to have houses that were easy to carry around or build. Tribes that stayed in one area needed houses that would last for a long time. Tribes in cold areas needed warm houses to protect them, but tribes in warm areas didn’t.
A wigwam like the one in the picture below was built with poles covered by bark. People who stayed in the same place for months used them because they are small and easy to build.
A longhouse is also built with poles and elm bark but is much larger than a wigwam and as many as 60 people lived in each one. This is a picture of a longhouse:
Tepees like the one below are like tents made of a wooden frame covered with buffalo skin. It can be set up and taken down very quickly so the tribe could move from place to place.
There are many more styles of houses that were built by Native Americans. Click on this link to see some of them: http://www.native-languages.org/houses.htm
You can find out more about daily life in the past for many different tribes at this site:
http://nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/dailylife.html
Click on different areas of this map to learn more about tribes in North America: http://www.nhusd.k12.ca.us/ALVE/NativeAmerhome.html/nativeamhome.html
How did American Indians get food before grocery stores? There were four ways: hunting to get fresh meat, gathering (collecting food that grows wild), farming crops, and raising animals to eat.
Most Native American tribes ate a lot of meat like buffalo, deer, rabbit, salmon, ducks, and seals or whales. They did not believe in wasting food so if they killed an animal for another reason they would usually eat it.
Foods that could be gathered were eggs, honey, maple syrup, salt, nuts and berries, and beans.
The most important food crop was Indian corn, which is also called maize. Even tribes that did not have farms would trade with their neighbors for it. Other crops were beans, squash, pumpkins, tomatoes, and chocolate. Would you like to try some traditional American Indian food? You can use recipes from these two websites to make things like corn cakes, bread, stew, and baked pumpkin:
http://www.cookingpost.com/comersus7f/store/recipes.htm
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/food/recipes.html
Click on the links under the map on this site to see drawings of traditional clothing for tribes in different areas of North America: http://www.nativetech.org/clothing/regions/regions.html
Native American people still do some of the things they used to, but they have jobs just like your parents, wear modern clothes, and eat modern food, too. Indian children do the same things you do – play with each other, go to school, and help around the house.
Some History
When people from Europe first came to the Americas, they thought that Indians were wild and fierce. This was not true. They just had a different culture and fought to defend themselves. Indians just felt the European people were different. One way they were different was that Indians didn’t sell land or use fences to keep other people out. They believed it was there for everyone to use. So when other people came looking to buy or take land, they did not understand at first. New settlers kept coming from other places and moving onto land the Indians had lived on for a long time. There were many bad things done on both sides, and many people died in battles. New diseases that the Europeans brought with them killed even more Indians than the wars did.
A video with a song and pictures from Native American history showing wars, broken treaties, and reservations can be found here: http://video.kidzui.com/videos/1298110?related[channel]=North%2BAmerican%2BIndians
During the 1800’s, the United States government sent all of the eastern Native American tribes to live in Oklahoma. Many tribes did not want to go but were forced to by the American army. The Cherokee tribe was one of the largest tribes in the east, and they did not want to leave their homeland. The Supreme Court judges decided that the Cherokees could stay in their homes. But President Andrew Jackson sent the army to march them to Oklahoma anyway. It was winter, and the Indians weren’t ready to travel. Thousands of the Cherokee Indians and Native Americans from other tribes died, too. This terrible time was called the “Trail of Tears.” To learn more about the Cherokees, visit this website: http://www.bigorrin.org/cherokee_kids.htm
There are hundreds of different Native American languages, but in most places parents have stopped teaching their children their native language. This is because governments used to take Indian children away from their homes and put them into boarding schools. So parents stopped using Native American languages to try to protect them. (To hear “Amazing Grace” sung in a Native American language, click on this link: http://video.yahoo.com/watch/279705/1991387)
(Ask your child to imagine that she was taken away from her home like this and sent somewhere else to start a different life. Have her write a story that describes that situation. How would she feel? What would she do? You could make a fictional situation instead if you like; for example, you could have her imagine and write about alien invaders coming from far away with different technology to use our land and resources.)
___________________________________________________________________________________
READING
To read online:
These are traditional short stories for children: http://www.apples4theteacher.com/native-american/short-stories/
Simply-written facts about life for Plains Indians along with pictures: http://www.nhusd.k12.ca.us/ALVE/NativeAmerhome.html/Cheyenne/cheyenne.html
Books to order:
For ages 4-8:
A picture book which describes more than a dozen American Indian tribes for very young children: http://www.amazon.com/North-American-Indians-Pictureback-R/dp/0394837029/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1297194838&sr=1-2
An adaptation of a Pueblo folktale for kindergarten to grade 2: http://www.amazon.com/Coyote-Trickster-Tale-American-Southwest/dp/0152019588/ref=sr_1_31?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1297195165&sr=1-31
For ages 9-12:
The story of Mary Jemison, who was captured when she was very young and raised by Seneca Indians:
The story of a modern Hopi teenager, Mindy Secakuku, and her cousin Naiche. They describe their traditional culture and what a typical day is like for them: http://www.amazon.com/Meet-Mindy-Native-Southwest-Americans/dp/157178148X/ref=sr_1_33?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1297195165&sr=1-33
MEMORIZATION GAMES
Flash cards are a great way to help children improve their memory for vocabulary words, what they mean, and how to spell them. But you can make them a lot more fun by playing games with them.
To find vocabulary words, you can read through the books you ordered or downloaded for your child, or you can find pre-made vocabulary lists online. Here is a link to a site with vocabulary word lists for children studying Indians: http://www.davis.k12.ut.us/264220927951837/lib/264220927951837/Social%20Studies/Native_American_Indian_Vocabulary_Definitions.pdf
Quizlet.com is a website where you can make your own flash cards to print out or use online. You can also use sets that have already been created. Here are links to two sets of vocabulary cards with words relating to American Indians:
http://quizlet.com/1207464/4th-grade-native-american-indians-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/1235422/indians-chapter-2-flash-cards/
If you’d rather make your own flash cards, you can write or type each vocabulary word on an index card with its definition, then glue or paste clip art or pictures from magazines illustrating the word on each card.
To play Memory, make two copies of each vocabulary card. Place all of the cards face down on a table in even rows, then have your child choose a card and turn it face up. Have her choose a second card and turn it face up. If the cards match, remove them from the rows. If they don’t match, turn them back over. Keep repeating until you’ve matched all the cards. As more cards are revealed, it gets easier to remember where the matches are.
Pictionary can be a fun memory game, too – stack the vocabulary cards face down. Have your child pick a card without showing it to you, then draw a picture of the item on a notepad. Guess what the drawing is and then take your turn!
FIELD TRIPS
If you are planning a trip to Washington, DC, in the future, the National Museum of the American Indian offers free guided tours for school groups, a printed guide so that teachers of grades 4-6 can give their own tour, and a twenty-minute reading program for children from kindergarten to grade 4. Visit the website for more information and to schedule tours: http://www.nmai.si.edu/subpage.cfm?subpage=education&second=dc&third=sched
In South Dakota’s Black Hills, considered sacred by the Lakota people, a colossal monument to the legendary Indian chief Crazy Horse is in progress. You can learn more about the mountain carving and the associated education and cultural centers or plan a visit at this website: http://www.crazyhorsememorial.org/visit/
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It is hard to talk about all of the complex history and culture of American Indians in one unit study. If there are other resources you have found to be helpful in teaching your children about this topic, please write and share them with me.
My comments on other blogs (and the comments of others that I responded to):